Identity federation (IDF) is an architecture where identities of an external identity provider (IDP) are recognized. Single sign-on (SSO) is where the credentials of an external identity are used to allow access to a local system (e.g., AWS).
AWS Organizations
AWS Organizations is a service for managing multiple accounts within a single business. Rather than managing many accounts, with many isolated sets of logins and individual bills, Organizations allows consolidation.
Identity and Access Management (IAM)
IAM controls access to AWS services via policies that can be attached to users, groups, and roles. Users are given long-term credentials to access AWS resources (username and password or access keys).
Roles allow for short-term access to resources when assumed, using temporary access credentials.